Strength of magnetic field in a current carrying conductor

Strength of magnetic field in a current-carrying conductor 

When an electric current is passed through a conductor a magnetic field is produced in the conductor. Current is supplied through Ac or dc power supply source, magnetic lines shown around the conductor that moves in a such way as starting from north and end at south of conductor. The direction of magnetic lines is as north to south. Electrons as magnetic property as the flow of charges is known as current in a similar way these same charges also create a magnetic field, which is also the property of atoms. There can be a permanent magnet to the current-carrying conductor. By introducing a permanent magnet there will be two magnetic fields one is inside the conductor and another outside as a permanent magnet by this way both fields interact with each other. The strength of the magnetic field depends upon the flow of current or supply of current to the conductor, length of the conductor, the material of the conductor, and the permanent magnetic field. These all factors lead to the create a strong field. If there is more flow current to the conductor, the magnetic field will be more strong and vice versa. Size, shape, and material of conductor also make strength in a magnetic field. Each material has a different magnetic property that depends upon the electrons. Then this leads to the structure, shape, and size of the conductor that also leads to creating strength in the magnetic field. A permanent magnet's field also contributes to the strength of the field. Here time also matters for the production of strong and uniform magnetic fields. How much current stays in the conductor and the other factors that make a duration for strengthening. Duration of these also leads to a strong field. The direction of the magnetic field, current direction, and motion in the conductor can be found by applying some rules like the right-hand grip rule for knowing the particular directions. When permanent magnet field and inside conductor's magnetic field interact in such a way which these creates motion in the conductor. The magnitude depends upon the angle between these fields. So the strength of the magnetic field in a current-carrying conductor depends upon this above factor that makes the strong fields. This is a basic principle of the magnetic field that acts in this way. This principle applies to many electrical appliances, machines, and electrical systems. This is the fundamental behavior of the conductor and magnetic field that leads to giant electrical and mechanical systems. 

Electronic material

Electronic materials are the electrical characterized material that contains different functionalities of electrical properties in electrical systems and circuit networks. There are different types of electronic materials. Electronic material is that material that consists of electrical strength, quality, and behavior. Each material has its characteristics and natures. Conductors, semiconductors, and insulators are electronic materials. These are the material used in electrical systems, networks, devices, circuits, etc. The behavior of electronic material depends upon the molecular structure and movements.  Each material has its characteristics and depends upon some factors. Resistance and current flow differ from each material (conductor, insulator, and semiconductors). Electronic materials are used to construct different applications. To construct and make our required electrical equipment, circuit, device, and anything else, we use these materials differently.  The behavior and function of this electronic material( conductors, semiconductors, and insulators) is as following:

Integrated circuits and electronic components consist of semiconductors, insulators, etc

Conductors:

Conductors have free movable electrons or charges to move and they can pass current easily because there are free electrons and resistance is low in the flow of current. The strength of the conductor depends upon the temperature, cross-sectional area of material, nature of the material, and length of the conductor. The relationship between the conductor's resistivity and temperature is linear. If the temperature increases, the resistivity of the conductor is also increased. This depends upon the molecular structure, when temperature increases motion of molecules increases and resistivity to current flow increases.

Copper conductor is used in electrical wire 

similarly, resistivity decreases when temperature decreases. If the length of the conductor increases, resistivity increases, and vice versa. Similarly when the conductor's cross-section area increases, the resistivity of conductor material decreases and vice versa. In conductors, there are different types of conductors that have different natures of material that differ from one to another. Each material has different resistivity, free electron, and current flow. Copper, gold, silver, aluminum, and iron, etc are the conductors.

Insulators:

Insulators are that electronic materials that have no free movable electrons or charges and possess high resistance. This insulator has the opposite functionality and behavior of the conductors. As insulators do not possess movable charges so they can not pass current. Inductors are the bad conductors. Due to the absence of electrons in insulators because there are no free available electrons to pass current so current is negligible in insulators. Like a conductor, an insulator also depends upon the same factors on which conductors depend. Temperature, cross-section area,

A plastic or rubber insulator is used in wiring for the protection

 length of material, and nature of the material. As the temperature increases, the resistance of insulators decreases and vice versa. By increasing the temperature the insulator can be converted into a conductor because the resistance decreases by the increase in temperature and then-current start to flow. Each insulators material has different insulating strength. Silicon,  rubber, glass, plastic, wood, etc are the bad conductors or insulators.

Semiconductors:

A semiconductor material has the function and behavior of both, conductor and insulators. Semiconductors are also called the intermediate form of material between conductor and insulator materials. Current can pass through semiconductors and resistance is moderate. If the temperature increases then resistance decreases and vice versa. Silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, etc. Silicon is the best and most widely used semiconductor and it's also used in integrated circuits, electronic chips, and other electronic devices. Almost all the integrated circuits are made up of silicon and other semiconductor material. Electronic materials are the materials used in electronics, microelectronics, electrical network systems, and the substances for the building up of integrated circuits, circuit boards, communication cables, and various controlling and monitoring devices.

Integrated circuits made up of silicon and other semiconductor material

Fleming's right-hand rule

Force or motion of conductor, magnetic field, and current are perpendicular to each other(at a 90 degree)

Fleming's right-hand rule is the most convenient and easy way to find the directions of motion of conductor, induced current and magnetic field. The basic purpose of this rule is to find the direction of induced current when the conductor moves in a magnetic field. Fleming's right-hand rule applies to electric generators. Directions can be found by using our right hand with the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger.  According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor such as a wire attached to a circuit moves through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced in the wire due to Faraday's law of induction. The current in the wire can have two possible directions. Fleming's right-hand rule gives which direction the current flows. The right hand is held with the thumb, index, or forefinger, and the middle finger is mutually perpendicular to each other at right angles.

The thumb is pointing the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field. The forefinger is pointing in the direction of the magnetic field. Then the second finger represents the direction of the induced or generated current within the conductor. when a conductor attached to a circuit moves in a magnetic field. It can be used to determine the direction of current in a generator's windings. This rule is used for electric generators. 

Active elements in an electrical network

Active elements

An electrical network is consist of several elements like voltages source, resistors, capacitors, etc. These components or elements make an electrical network by joining together. These elements are categorized concerning their functions and significance in the network. So, there are two types of elements, one is active elements and the second is passive elements. Both types of elements play a major role in the networks or circuits. Active elements are those elements that generate energy and provide to electrical circuits or networks. Active elements are the electrical components of a network that generate power and distribute it to the whole network. Batteries and generators that generate power, are the active elements in networks or circuits. Any source of power or energy in a circuit is an active element. These elements are the energy supplier to circuits. Voltage source and current source are the two types of power generating elements in the network. Again these both sources are subdivided. There are two types of sources. Dependent source and independent sources. A source that depends on another source for power is dependent. Independent source is free from any other sources and it is an independent sources element to the electrical network system.

Active elements in electrical networks

Passive elements of an electrical network

Passive elements 

An electrical network is consist of several elements like voltages source, resistors, capacitors, etc. These components or elements make an electrical network by joining together. These elements are categorized concerning their functions and significance in the network. So, there are two types of elements, one is active elements and the second is passive elements. Both types of elements play a major role in the networks or circuits. Passive elements are those elements that consume energy. Passive elements are the electrical components of a network that does not produce power, but instead, store consumes, dissipate it. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors are the passive elements in networks or circuits. These elements dissipate and store energy. Capacitor and inductor, both are energy-storing elements. The inductor is a coil of a metallic wire that stores energy in the electromagnetic form, whereas the capacitor is consists of conducting plates that store energy in an electrostatic form. The resistor dissipates the energy. 

Passive elements in an electrical circuit

What's Direct current (DC)

Direct current(DC)

Difference between alternating current and direct current

Direct current (DC) is a unidirectional flow of an electrical current. An Electric current is the flow of charges in any direction. If the flow of current is in one direction so it will be direct current dc. There is also another current flow known as alternating current. This type of current is opposite to the dc because an alternating current changes its direction periodically whereas the dc does not change its direction and, flow in one particular direction. Direct current has no frequency or we can say that it has a frequency of 0 Hertz, because it is unidirectional. Direct current can be produced or supplied to electrical circuits or machines by batteries and solar cells. Batteries are the best for supplying dc to circuits. Direct current is used in electronic devices with a battery to supply dc. DC power is widely used in low voltage applications charging batteries, automotive applications, etc.

A Unidirectional current flow 

Parallel circuit

 Parallel circuit

An electrical circuit is a loop or closed path for the flow of current through it. The complete closed path along with electrical components for travel of current through it.  A parallel circuit is that in which circuits components are connected in such a way that they make multiple paths for the current flow. The electrical circuits components are resistor, inductor, capacitor, etc. If these elements make more than one path for the current flow then the circuit is called a parallel circuit. Because all components are connected in parallel to each other so it is known as a parallel circuit. current is the difference in all elements of a parallel circuit. Equivalent or total resistance is equal to the reciprocal of all reciprocal resistances sum. Voltages remain unchanged in parallel circuits.

A parallel circuit connection

 There can be different types of series circuits concerning included elements in the circuit. Resistance parallels circuit; this circuit is consists of only resistors as electrical elements in circuits. Capacitor parallel circuits; this one is consists of a capacitor and similarly, there is also a parallel circuit for the inductor. Some different parallel network circuits are RL, RC, RLC circuits. Voltages remain the same and equal in all branches or elements and current is distributed or divided in each branch of a parallel circuit.

Total V = V1=V2=V3=.....=Vn,  Total I=I1+I2+I3+....+In

Total R = 1/1/R1 +1/R2 + 1/R3 +....+1/Rn.

Kirchhoff's current laappliesle to the parallel circuit. 

Series circuit

 Series circuit 

An electrical circuit is a loop or closed path for the flow of current through it. The complete closed path along with electrical components for travel of current through it.  A series circuit is that in which circuits components are connected end to end or in such a way that they make a single path for the current flow. The electrical circuits components are resistor, inductor, capacitor, etc. If these elements make a single path for the current flow then the circuit is called a series circuit. Because all components are connected in series to each other so it is known as a series circuit. In the series, circuit resistance is added to get total resistance and current is the same in all elements of a series circuit. Voltages are divided into series circuits.  

A series connection circuit

The equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of individual resistances. There can be different types of series circuits concerning included elements in the circuit. Resistance series circuit; this circuit is consists of only resistors as electrical elements in series circuits. Capacitor series circuits; this one is consists of a capacitor and similarly, there is also a series circuit for the inductor. Some different series network circuits are RL, RC, RLC circuits. There are voltage drops in a series of circuits or voltages are divided into each element whereas the current remains the same and equal in all elements.  

Total V = V1 + V2 + V3 +.......+ Vn, 
Total I = I1 = I2  = I3 =......=In, Total R= R1+R2+R3+....+Rn

In the series connection circuit, Kirchhoff's voltage law (kvl) is applicable.

 Ohm's law

Ohm law mainly represents the relationship among current, resistance, and voltage. This law has importance in electrical engineering. If we say that without ohm's law electrical field is nothing so it will not be wrong. Because this law is consists of voltage, current, resistance, and power that is the main quantity of electrical field without these it is nothing. These are also called electrical quantities. Ohm's law states that " if the voltage increases, current also increases with constant resistance. By this law, it can be concluded that voltage is directly proportional to current and inversely proportional to resistance. Remember that current depends upon voltage, not voltage-dependent upon the current. if we increase the value of voltage then-current increases, but resistance should remain constant. Voltage is like force or pressure on charges to flow and the resistance resists these charges to flow. This law can be expressed mathematically as below 

Ohm's law triangle shows the relation between voltage, current, and resistance

                        V ~ I     or    V = IR 

 Ohm's law is represented by a German physicist and mathematician "Georg Simon Ohm". This law is used to find and evaluate the voltages, current flow, and power in different types of circuits, devices, equipment, and machines. Ohm's law is still very useful. It has some limitations for applying ohm's law that is as follow:

• This law applies to all linear circuits and cannot be used in nonlinear circuits. A linear circuit is one in which circuits parameters(resistance, capacitance, etc ) remain constant and do not change.
• It does not apply to unilateral networks.

Unilateral circuits are those that consist of the diode, transistors, etc. There are not all conductors that need to obey ohms law.  Power can be evaluated with the help of ohm's law;  

                                     P= VI

With the help of ohm's law, any quantity from voltage, current resistance, or power can be found. If any two quantities are known, the remaining third quantity can be found with the help of V=IR or P=VI.

There are meters are available to practically find these quantities values. A digital multimeter is a device or meter by which any electrical quantity can be measured. This meter is consists of an ohmmeter for resistance, a voltmeter for voltage, and an amperemeter for current.

Voltage and current has a linear relation and can be seen below

This graph shows that voltage and current has a linear relation

Discharging of a capacitor

Discharging of a capacitor

A capacitor is an electrical device that stores energy.  The capacitor is used in electrical networks for storing or consuming energy. A capacitor is also discharged as well as charge. It has two conducting plates with a dielectric medium. A battery is connected to the capacitor for charging but if we have to discharge a capacitor so the battery is disconnected.

It is necessary for the discharging capacitor that capacitor is fully charged. If a capacitor is charged so by removing the voltage source it will start discharging. The capacitor is charged by transferring the electrons from one plate to another plate with the help battery. A capacitor is a passive element in an electrical circuit.

When the voltage source is short-circuited, the automatic capacitor losses its stored energy.

 If we connect a load to the capacitor while discharging so capacitor act like a battery or source that provides power to load. It is necessary to connect a resistor in series with a capacitor to work properly. The process of charging and discharging is very fast, it takes seconds to discharge as well as charge. The strength of capacity of the capacitor depends upon some factors like; the material used in a dielectric medium, the distance between plates, and the area between plates.  

The applied source is short circulated, the capacitor starts to discharge

Let's consider that we have a capacitor that is connected to a battery. As we that capacitor should be charged for discharging itself. The starting current flow is high when the capacitor is discharging and decrease over time and then finally ceased. When the current has ceased that means the capacitor I 

 discharged. The direction of the current flow is opposite to the direction of current while the capacitor is charging. The battery is removed by a short circuit. When the battery is removed, the capacitor starts to discharge, and the energy that the capacitor is stored in gradually decreases. So, by this way capacitor is discharged. In if we connect a load it will work as a battery but, we cannot use a capacitor as a battery because it discharges in few seconds then it will become empty. So we cannot use it as a battery. A capacitor is used in many electronic devices such as electrical circuits, motor starters, signal processing. The common usage of capacitors is fans. It is used in fans and communication devices such as radio, VCR, radar, and television.