Fleming's right-hand rule

Force or motion of conductor, magnetic field, and current are perpendicular to each other(at a 90 degree)

Fleming's right-hand rule is the most convenient and easy way to find the directions of motion of conductor, induced current and magnetic field. The basic purpose of this rule is to find the direction of induced current when the conductor moves in a magnetic field. Fleming's right-hand rule applies to electric generators. Directions can be found by using our right hand with the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger.  According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor such as a wire attached to a circuit moves through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced in the wire due to Faraday's law of induction. The current in the wire can have two possible directions. Fleming's right-hand rule gives which direction the current flows. The right hand is held with the thumb, index, or forefinger, and the middle finger is mutually perpendicular to each other at right angles.

The thumb is pointing the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field. The forefinger is pointing in the direction of the magnetic field. Then the second finger represents the direction of the induced or generated current within the conductor. when a conductor attached to a circuit moves in a magnetic field. It can be used to determine the direction of current in a generator's windings. This rule is used for electric generators. 

Discharging of a capacitor

Discharging of a capacitor

A capacitor is an electrical device that stores energy.  The capacitor is used in electrical networks for storing or consuming energy. A capacitor is also discharged as well as charge. It has two conducting plates with a dielectric medium. A battery is connected to the capacitor for charging but if we have to discharge a capacitor so the battery is disconnected.

It is necessary for the discharging capacitor that capacitor is fully charged. If a capacitor is charged so by removing the voltage source it will start discharging. The capacitor is charged by transferring the electrons from one plate to another plate with the help battery. A capacitor is a passive element in an electrical circuit.

When the voltage source is short-circuited, the automatic capacitor losses its stored energy.

 If we connect a load to the capacitor while discharging so capacitor act like a battery or source that provides power to load. It is necessary to connect a resistor in series with a capacitor to work properly. The process of charging and discharging is very fast, it takes seconds to discharge as well as charge. The strength of capacity of the capacitor depends upon some factors like; the material used in a dielectric medium, the distance between plates, and the area between plates.  

The applied source is short circulated, the capacitor starts to discharge

Let's consider that we have a capacitor that is connected to a battery. As we that capacitor should be charged for discharging itself. The starting current flow is high when the capacitor is discharging and decrease over time and then finally ceased. When the current has ceased that means the capacitor I 

 discharged. The direction of the current flow is opposite to the direction of current while the capacitor is charging. The battery is removed by a short circuit. When the battery is removed, the capacitor starts to discharge, and the energy that the capacitor is stored in gradually decreases. So, by this way capacitor is discharged. In if we connect a load it will work as a battery but, we cannot use a capacitor as a battery because it discharges in few seconds then it will become empty. So we cannot use it as a battery. A capacitor is used in many electronic devices such as electrical circuits, motor starters, signal processing. The common usage of capacitors is fans. It is used in fans and communication devices such as radio, VCR, radar, and television. 

What's alternating current

 What's the alternating current

Current is the flow of electrical charges or electrons in a specific path. When voltage is supplied to a circuit, electric device, the current starts to flow. There are two types of electric current; alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). These are free electrons in the material that cause to flow and produce current. An alternating current is a current in which periodically reverses its direction and changes its magnitude with time. The polarities and direction of AC quantities like current and voltages change over time. Whereas direct currents(DC) are unidirectional.  It depends upon the supplied voltage that generates DC or AC. Alternating current follows in the sinusoidal waveform. Alternating voltage produces alternating current in the electrical device or circuit. Alternating current is more dangerous than direct current. Ac quantity follows a sine wave with a change in its magnitude over time. Alternating current is easy in the transmission of current through long distances. There are two directions in a sine wave. Upperside is a positive one and lower is negative.

The sinusoidal waveform of alternating current

The direction of alternating current alternates with the time as a sine wave. Whereas the direction of direct current dc is constant during the time. The Alternating current behaves like a wave, the sinusoidal wave is generated by alternating current and voltage. In AC, there is the peak value, RMS value, and some other values that are considered and evaluated in ac quantities. The basic source of dc is the battery but, ac power is distributed and transmitted to residences and businesses. 

Alternating current is used in our home, office, and other places. Almost all our appliances like television, kitchen appliances, fans, and other electrical devices that we use in our daily life operate on alternating currents. Audio and radio signals in electrical wires operate on alternating currents.

Electrical motor and generator can not operate on dc supply, so these are supplied and operated by AC for generating rotation in the coil or shaft. Similarly, in the transformer for transferring electric power from one circuit to another ac power is supplied due to which alternating current is produced in coils of the transformer. The frequency of ac quantity varies time by time. Electrical motors, generators, transformers, and many electrical machines operate on alternating currents and provide us efficient work. In alternating current, there are fewer losses in power than direct current so it is convenient for us and we use it as electricity for transmitting over long distances. 

Working principle of transformer and applications

Working principle and function of transformer

A Transformer is a static(stationary) electrical device by which electrical power is transformed from one circuit to another circuit. It can increase or decrease the voltage in a circuit.

Transformers can be used either to increase the voltage known as stepping up voltage, or it can decrease the voltage known as stepping down the voltage.

To overcome losses, the electricity through the generator passes through a step-up transformer, which increases the voltage. Throughout the distribution system, the voltages are changed using a step-down transformer to decreases the voltages to a suitable application at industries and homes.

  The working principle of the transformer is mutual induction. In transformers, there is no electrical connection between coils. A transformer steps up and steps down voltages. If the number of the primary coil is more than secondary then the transformer will step up voltage otherwise step down voltage if the number of secondary coils is more than the primary coil. Both coils in the transformer are connected magnetically rather than electrically. 

The transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction between two circuits connected by magnetic flux. When current is supplied by supplied Source to the primary coil, magnetic flux is produced, and emf is induced in the secondary coil.

Core type and shell-type both are the types of the transformer.

The transformer consists of two inductive coils which are separated electrically but, linked magnetically through a low reluctance path. Both coils have high mutual inductance.

One coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, alternating flux is produced in the laminated steel core. The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the supply is called the primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out is called secondary winding. The transformer is a device that transfers electric power from one circuit to another, without a change of frequency.  It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction where the two electric circuits are in the influence of mutual inductance to each other. 

Transformer

A transformer is consists of two coils having mutual inductance and a laminated steel core. These coils are insulated from each other and the steel core.

The number of coils determines whether the voltage is step-up or step-down.

 A transformer is formed from two coils of wire around a magnetic core.

A Transformer work based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

In transformer electrical power remains constant but, voltage and current vary.

If the current increases, voltage decreases, and vice versa. When an alternating current passes through the primary coil it creates a varying magnetic flux. When the varying magnetic flux is linked with the coil, an E.M.F is induced in the neighboring coil.  A transformer is made up of a rectangular iron core. 

The transformer only works on AC and can't be operated on DC. It operates only on alternating current and voltage.

Applications

The transformer is used as follow:

• To Regulate alternating current,
• To start and stop  the flow of electricity 
• Battery charging 
• Steel manufacturing
• Transmission and distribution lines

• Transformers are used to set apart two circuits electrically and it is used to increase or decrease alternating voltage without changing power in appliances

• It is also used in power generation and distribution of power and, in high-power industrial loads such as motor drives and other appliances. 

• The transformer is also used at the power stations and grid stations through which voltages are supplied to industrial and residential areas.

Role of electron in electrical technology

Role of electrons in electrical technology:

Electron:

In the 17th century in an experiment, it is found that an electron is a negative charge carrier in the smallest particle of the matter that is an atom. It revolves around the nucleus in an orbit of an atom. 

 

Electrons in atom

Role of electrons in electrical technology:

The base of the electrical technology field is the electron. There is a considerable and significant role of electrons in electrical technology.  The electron is the beginning of electric tech.

 The existence of electrons brings a lot of innovations in the electrical field. At the beginning of the discovery of the electron, it is found that it is a basic and important particle for the development and improvement in electrical technology As electrons have the biggest role and contribution in the development of electrical technology.

it is important that how an electron behaves in an atom. This helps us to know that how an electrical department works.

How an electron contributes to electrical technology:

This is how electrons behave in atoms of the material such as copper, iron, and silicon, etc.
Electrons in their respective orbits in an atom m collide with electrons of other atoms in the same material and vice versa. Each material has a different capability of collision of electrons. This electronic collision produces a current in that material.

These collisions produce current in that material and this creates an electrical network and contributes to electrical technology.

Now here we can observe that how an electron contributes and works to the electrical field or technology.
There are also some other things and factors that contribute to the electrical field but the electron is the first step to development.

What is Electrical technology ?

Electrical technology 

Nowadays technology becomes a part of every field of the world. Technology in different fields has brought many facilities and ease in human life in the world. Electrical technology is also one of these technologies. The electrical field is growing day by day with new inventions and origination. This technology not only supports itself but also supports and connects other technologies. 

Electrical technology 

It has a wide range that connects other growing fields like;

• telecommunication,
• computers tech
• mechanics, 
• and electronics.

Electrical technology designs, manage and control electrical systems and electronic devices.

Uses

Electrical technology is used in Household appliances industries and industrial area 

New gadgets inventions and devices management

Power stations, grid stations, and

Electricity and more.

Importance

There is not only one importance of electrical technology, but the world and our environment are full of its importance.

To control and manage the electrical system, applications of new gadgets and electronic devices, handling the system in other fields of technology and we can see other more advantages of electrical tech around us.

Electrical systems

It is electrical technology behind the innovation and creation of new gadgets, appliances, and types of equipment.

This technology makes our life easy and comfortable. Electrical technology is changing the environment of the world with creativity.

Now there is a new era of tech with electric science and technology.

Now Here is an electric tech.